Optometry & Visual Performance 250 Volume 13 | Issue 4 | December 2025 school curriculum to raise awareness, organizing regular eye screenings, and establishing monitoring and evaluation program to track progress. Acknowledgements: The authors express their profound thanks to the Ika South Local Government Education Secretary, Post-primary Education Board, management of the schools and all the children who participated in the study for their cooperation. References 1. Hassan H, Akbar F, Abbasali Y, Reza P, et al. Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive error: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Curr Ophthalmol 2018;30(1):3-22. 2. Pascolini D, Mariotti SP. Global estimates of visual impairments: 2010. Br J Ophthalmol 2012;96(5):614-8. 3. Mariotti SP. Global data on visual impairment 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization. 4. Naidoo KS, Jaggernath J. Uncorrected refractive errors. Ind J Ophthalmol 2012;60(5):432-7. 5. Naidoo KS, Leasher J, Bourna RR. Global vision impairment and blindness due to uncorrected refractive error, 1990 – 2010. Optom Vis Sci 2016; 93(3):227-34. 6. Flaxman SR, Bourne RRA, Resnikoff S, Ackland P, et al. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 19902020: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Global Health 2017;5(12):1221-34. 7. Holden BA. Uncorrected refractive error: The major and most easily avoidable cause of vision loss. Community Eye Health 2007;20(63):37-9. 8. Khurana AK. Optics and Refraction. In: Khurana B (ed). Comprehensive Opthalmology 5th ed New Delhi: New Age International ltd, 2023. 9. Santos MJ, Alves MR, Netto AL, Santos RR, et al. Acceptance of initial spectacle prescription for children in their first-year at primary school. Revised Brazil J Ophthalmol 2011;70:157-61. 10. Narayanan A, Kumar S, Ramani KK. Spectacle compliance among adolescents: A qualitative study from Southern India. Optom Vis Sci 2017;94:582-7. 11. Rustagi N, Uppal Y, Taneja DK. Screening for visual impairment: Outcome among schoolchildren in a rural area of Delhi. Ind J Ophthalmol 2012; 60: 203-6. 12. Odedra N, Wedner SH, Shigongo ZS, Nyalali K, Gilbert C. Barriers to spectacle use in Tanzanian secondary school students. Ophthal Epid 2008;15:410-7. 13. Senthilkumar D, Balasubramaniam SM, Kumaran SE, Ramani KK. Parents’ awareness and perception of children’s eye diseases in Chennai, India. Optom Vis Sci 2013;90:1462-6. 14. Ezinne NE, Mashige KP. Refractive error and visual impairment in primary school children in Onitsha, Anambra state, Nigeria. Africa Vis Eye Health 2018;77(1):455. 15. Ovensiri-Ogbomo GO, Omuemu VO. Prevalence of refractive errors among school aged children in Cape Coast Municipality Ghana. Clin Optom 2010:2:59-66. 16. Opubiri I, Pedro-Egbe C. Screening for refractive error among primary school children in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Pan Africa Med J 2013;14:74-134. 17. Bourne RRA , Flaxman SR, Braithwaite T, Cicinelli MV, et al. Magnitude, temporal trends and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and near vision impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2017;5(9):888-97. 18. Ebeigbe J, Okafor LI. Attitude and beliefs of Nigerian undergraduates to spectacle wear. Ghana Med J 2013;47(2):70-3. 19. Ayaniyi AA, Adepoju FG, Ayaniyi RO, Morgan RE. Challenges, attitudes and practices of spectacle wearers in a resourcelimited economy. Middle East Africa J Ophthalmol 2010;17(1):83-7. 20. Amna H, Shamshad A, Hammad H, Shahzad S, Ayman S. Burden of refractive errors in secondary school students, detected through visual screening. PJMHS 2018;12(3);120810. 21. Osei Boaiety. Knowledge, attitude and perception of spectacle use among senior high school students in Ghana. Int J Health Sci 2018;5(2):632-40. 22. Imasua KU, Omuemu VO. Prevalence and patterns of refractive error among school-aged children in Delta State, Southern Nigeria. J Med Biomed Res 2024;23(2):22-9. 23. Delta State Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education (2024) School List. Available from https://deltastatemobse.net. Last Accessed April 17, 2025. 24. Ogbe JO. Primary schools’ readiness for health emergencies among primary schools in Delta State, Nigeria. J Ed Soc Res 2019;9(1):37-43. 25. Logan N. The Development of Refractive Error. In: Rosenfield M, Logan N (eds). Optometry: Science, Techniques and Clinical Management, 2nd ed. Oxford: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2009. 26. Pawar N, Ravindran M, Fathima A, Ramakrishnan K, et al. Assessment of parental awareness about pediatric visual problems by knowledge-attitude-practice survey in South India. Ind J Ophthalmol 2023;71(5):2175-80. 27. Thompson SJ. The Social and Economic Impact of Refractive Error in Mozambique. Doctoral Thesis. Technological University Dublin. 2015. doi:10.21427/D7PC7 28. Nebiyat K, Alemayehu W, Tigist SW. Refractive errors among school children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Ophthalmol East Cent S Africa 2015;19(2):57-62. 29. Nabab AK, Mahendra KJ, Anju K, Poonam B. Prevalence of refractive error among school children in North-West Rajasthan. Int J Biomed Adv Res 2016;7(12):565-8. 30. ILO International Standard Classification of Occupations: ISCO-08. Geneva: ILO 2012. 31. Nyamai LA, Kanyata D, Njambi L, Njuguna M. Knowledge, attitude and practice on refractive error among students attending public high schools in Nairobi County. J Ophthalmol East Cent S Afr 2016;20(1):33-9. 32. Naimah EK, Misbah M, lungelo M, Zaakirah M. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards refractive error amongst students. Afr Vis Eye Health 2022;81(1):633-40. Correspondence regarding this article should be emailed to Kelvin Ucheka Imasua, OD, MPH, Prof Cert Med Ret, Prof Cert Glauc, MCOptom, at imasuakelvin@gmail.com. All statements are the authors' personal opinions and may not reflect the opinions of the representative organization, OEPF, Optometry & Visual Performance, or any institution or organization with which the authors may be affiliated. Permission to use reprints of this article must be obtained from the editor. Copyright 2025 Optometric Extension Program Foundation. Online access is available at www.oepf.org and www.ovpjournal.org. Imasua KU, Omuemu VO. Knowledge, attitude and perception of school-aged children towards spectacle use in Delta State, Nigeria. Optom Vis Perf 2025;13(4):244-50.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjEyMDQ0Nw==