clinician can visualize the oculomotor activity and the visuomotor, spatial centrode directly on the patient’s fundus in real time. In conclusion, the clinical and laboratory assessment of fixation in our patients has expanded greatly over the past 20 years. This is mainly the result of improved technology and rapid automated analyses, with excellent graphical display for the clinical record. Such objective documentation is helpful for the parent to understand how the abnormal eye movements negatively impact their child (e.g., slowed reading), as well as for presentation as an expert witness in the courtroom.10 Future technological advances are likely to include expanded use of virtual/augmented reality to create more naturalistic viewing/testing scenarios. Acknowledgements: We thank Dr. Putnam for her discussions regarding microperimetry and Dr. Wang and Bhavatharini Ramakrishnan for providing the microperimeter fundus image. References 1. Ciuffreda KJ, Tannen B. Eye Movement Basics for the Clinician. St. Louis: Mosby, 1995. 2. Han Y, Ciuffreda KJ, Kapoor N. Reading-related oculomotor training protocols for acquired brain injury in humans. Brain Res Brain Res Protocols 2004;14:1-12. 3. Ciuffreda KJ. Eye Movements in Patients with Oculomotor Disturbances. In: Ygge J, Lennerstrand G. (eds.). Eye Movements in Reading. New York: Pergamon; 1994: 168-88. 4. Ciuffreda KJ, Levi D, Selenow A. Amblyopia: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991. 5. Schapero M. Amblyopia. New York: Chilton Book Co., 1971. 6. Lawwill T. The fixation pattern in the light-adapted and darkadapted amblyopic eye. Am J Ophthalmol 1966;61:1416-9. 7. De Guimaraes TAG, Kalitzeos A, Bainbridge J, Michaelides M. Distance from the foveal center: A method for the calculation of eccentric fixation. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2025;14(5):9. 8. Molina-Martin A, Perez-Cambrodi RJ, Pinero DP. Current clinical application of microperimetry: A review. Sem Ophthalmol 2018; 33:620-8. 9. Seiple W, Rosen RB, Castro-Lima V, Garcia PMT. The physics and psychophysics of microperimetry. Optom Vis Sci 2012;89:118291. 10. Ciuffreda KJ, Tannen B, Rutner D, Yadav NK, Suter PS. Objective vision-based testing in mild traumatic brain injury. Vis Dev Rehabil 2023:9:127-32. Correspondence regarding this article should be emailed to Kenneth J. Ciuffreda, OD, PhD at kciuffreda@sunyopt.edu. All statements are the authors’ personal opinions and may not reflect the opinion OEPF, OVP, or any institution with which the authors may be affiliated. Permission to use reprints of this article must be obtained from the editor. Copyright 2025 OEPF. Ciuffreda KJ, Rutner D. Assessment of fixation Optom Vis Perf 2025;14(2):121-3. Optometry & Visual Performance 123 Volume 14 | Issue 2 | June 2026 Hard Copy E-book
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